Partial Views are reusable view components used to render sections of HTML. They help in breaking down large views into smaller, manageable pieces. For example, a common header or footer can be implemented as a Partial View and reused across multiple pages to ensure consistency.

Model Binding automatically maps incoming HTTP request data (like form inputs or query strings) to action method parameters or model properties. This eliminates the need for manual parsing and allows for cleaner, more maintainable code when handling form submissions or URL parameters.

TempData is used to pass temporary data between two controller actions and is retained for a single request-response cycle. Unlike ViewData, which only works within the current request, TempData uses session storage and is useful for redirection scenarios where information needs to persist temporarily.

Action Filters are attributes that allow code to run before or after an action method executes. Common filters include [Authorize], [HandleError], [OutputCache], and custom filters. They are useful for tasks like logging, exception handling, and user authentication.

Entity Framework (EF) is an Object Relational Mapping (ORM) framework that allows developers to interact with databases using .NET objects. Instead of writing SQL queries, developers can use LINQ to manipulate data. EF makes it easier to create, update, and manage relational data in ASP.NET applications.

ASP.NET MVC is a design pattern that separates the application into three interconnected components: Model (data), View (user interface), and Controller (business logic). Unlike Web Forms, which use a drag-and-drop, event-driven model, MVC offers more control over HTML, cleaner URL routing, better separation of concerns, and is more suitable for test-driven development. It’s preferred for developing scalable, maintainable, and enterprise-level web applications.

Students will learn to develop responsive websites, implement CRUD operations, create secure login systems, manage sessions, integrate databases using ADO.NET and Entity Framework, and build applications using both Web Forms and MVC models. Additionally, learners will get hands-on experience in writing optimized code, handling errors, and deploying projects on servers.

Razor is a lightweight markup syntax that enables developers to embed C# or VB code within HTML. It simplifies writing server-side logic inside views and is clean, expressive, and easy to maintain. Files that use Razor syntax usually have a .cshtml extension and allow seamless rendering of dynamic content in MVC applications.

Routing is the mechanism that defines how URL requests are mapped to controller actions. It helps in generating clean, human-readable URLs and ensures that users access the correct resources. ASP.NET MVC allows developers to define custom routes using the RouteConfig file or attribute routing within controllers.

An HTTP Module is a class that handles the application's request pipeline events. It can inspect, modify, or handle requests before and after they reach the handler. Common examples include authentication and logging modules.

The web.config file is used to configure application settings such as security, database connections, session state, and error handling. It’s an XML file located in the root directory of a web application.

web.config is specific to a web application, while machine.config is for all applications on the server. Changes in machine.config apply globally, whereas web.config can override them for a particular app.

Master pages provide a consistent layout across multiple pages. They allow developers to define headers, footers, or navigation menus once and reuse them in content pages using the <asp:ContentPlaceHolder> control.

User controls are reusable components (like a login box or search bar) created using .ascx files. They can be added to multiple pages and improve maintainability and modularity.

Server.Transfer transfers control to another page without changing the URL, while Response.Redirect sends a new request to the browser with a different URL. Server.Transfer is faster but works only within the same server.

 ASP.NET offers two primary types of state management:

• Client-side state management, which includes ViewState, Cookies, Hidden Fields, and Query Strings. These techniques store data on the user's browser or page, allowing the application to retain information across postbacks or user actions.
• Server-side state management, which includes Session and Application objects. These store data on the server and help manage user-specific or application-wide data across requests. Together, they help deliver a consistent and personalized experience.

• The Session object stores data specific to each user and lasts until the user closes the browser or the session times out. It's used to keep user-specific settings or login status.
• The Application object, on the other hand, stores data that is shared across all users of the application and exists for the application's lifetime. Sessions are private and isolated, whereas Application data is global and accessible to every user.

Cookies are small text files saved on the client’s browser to store user preferences, session identifiers, or login data. ASP.NET allows developers to create two types:

• Persistent cookies, which remain on the user’s device until a specified expiry time.
• Non-persistent cookies, which are stored in memory and deleted once the browser is closed.
  They can be read and written using Request.Cookies and Response.Cookies.